Systems and methods for producing a more uniform intensity wavelength dispersed beam of electromagnetic radiation entering a multielement detector, while maintaining information content therein

ABSTRACT

Reflectometer, Spectrophotometer, Ellipsometer and Polarimeter Systems that utilize 1) electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially distributed different optical densities and 2) wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy aperturing, or both, placed near the entry to said multi-element detector, to improve detector capability to monitor intensity vs. wavelength spectra entered thereinto and provide more uniform detector output, while preferably maintaining beam information content.

This Application is a CIP of application Ser. No. 15/330,370 Filed Sep. 13, 2016 and therevia Claims Benefit from Provisional Application No. 62/284,696 Filed Oct. 6, 2015.

TECHNICAL AREA

The present invention relates to methods of providing a more uniform intensity spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths which is entered into a multi-element detector, so that said detector's output is more uniform, while also maintaining information content at each wavelength, and more particularly to methods and systems that utilize:

-   -   1) electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting         material with spatially varying optical densities; and     -   2) electromagnetic radiation energy blocking, wavelength         dependent aperturing;         placed near the entry to said multi-element detector.

BACKGROUND

A common problem when applying available sources of spectroscopic electromagnetic radiation in, for instance, Reflectometers, Spectrophotometers, Ellipsometers and Polarimeters is that the intensity spectrum of a range of wavelengths output thereby is typically not uniform. This can be at least partially the result of interaction with a wavelength dispersion element, as well as the inherent properties of a source of electromagnetic radiation. There usually will be at least one peak intensity region, with valley intensity regions surrounding. It occurs that the peak intensity can saturate a detector, which monitors entering electromagnetic based on electromagnetic radiation source and investigated sample characteristics. If the peak intensity can be attenuated, (ie. absorbed or reflected), or apertured, (ie. blocked in regions and transmitted in others), so that a more uniform intensity profile is realized, then it is possible that relatively low intensity wavelengths can be increased in intensity, without also causing the high intensity wavelengths to saturate a monitoring detector.

Known Patents which might be considered relevant are U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,351,036 and 8,749,785 to Liphardt, U.S. Pat. No. 7,433,034 to Jaung, US-2006/0164657 by Chalmers, US-2003/0179379 by Gedig, U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,410 to Webb, U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,771 to Gann, No. US-2014/294250 by Aoki, US-2006/0022917 by Kim, US-2001/00328681 by Kapner, US-2016/223732 by Jeon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,998 to Yokoya, U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,517 to Hunt, US-2001/0028400 by Lee and US-2005/0258335.

Need exists for systems and methods of controlling intensity vs. wavelength profiles of electromagnetic beam radiation.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Spectroscopic beams of electromagnetic radiation from a source thereof are known to vary in intensity with wavelength. The present invention comprises systems and methods for providing a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation of an improved intensity uniformity, to a multi-element detector in which different wavelengths enter different detector elements, so that said detector's output is more uniform over a spectrum of wavelengths.

In one embodiment of the present invention, two effects are simultaneously applied to provide said more uniform intensity spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths, while maintaining information content at each wavelengths. In this embodiment, the system comprises:

-   -   a multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation;     -   a′) an electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting         material of spatially varying optical densities, which is         designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more than low         intensity wavelengths near the entry to said detector so that at         least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more         attenuated than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength, and         is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively         lower intensity wavelength; and     -   b′) a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy         blocking aperture which is designed to attenuate high intensity         wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths near the entry         to said multi-element detector, so that at least one wavelength         of relatively higher intensity is subjected to greater         aperturing, and thus a smaller area through which to pass, than         is a relatively lower intensity wavelength and is therefore         reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity         wavelength.         (Note: an aperture is considered to be a system that either         allows, or blocks electromagnetic radiation energy irrespective         of wavelength, but rather depending on where that energy is         spatially presented to the aperture. Attenuation in a aperture         is therefore best viewed as energy “blocking”. A typical         aperture will allow energy to pass centrally, but symetrically         completely block energy beyond that central location in at least         a vertical direction, (see FIG. 2b ), and possibly in a lateral         direction as well. Many sources of electromagnetic radiation         provide higher intensities centrally in a range of wavelengths,         and a FIG. 2b approach to aperturing can be applied to smooth         the intensity of the spectrum. FIG. 2b is not limiting however.         If a spectrum of wavelengths demonstrates higher intensities         laterally, the effective aperture would be designed to provide         greater aperturing laterally).

The present invention assumes that different wavelengths are diffracted and spatially distributed so that they enter different elements of the multi-element detector. In that light, the just described system is distinguished in that, during use, at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more attenuated and/or more apertured, (eg. blocked), than is at least one relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength. Symmetrically applied Aperturing also can further provide that an information preserving average Angle-of-Incidence, (see FIG. 5), of energy entering a detector can also be maintained for all wavelengths involved. If symmetrical aperturing is not applied, the effective Angle-of-Incidence will be shifted). It is also noted that varying, (as viewed in frontal elevation), electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities as in a′) above, can operate as an effective and even “graded” aperture. That is, the electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing ox reflecting material provides spatial variation in optical densities in vertical as well as lateral directions, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation. This approach is within the scope of present invention and Claims should be interpreted to include it. As such a system is difficult to manufacture, however, for the purposes of this disclosure, it is noted that aperturing is more conveniently achieved by applying electromagnetic radiation “blocking” is material as described in b′) above.

A present invention is a reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system comprising:

a) a source of a beam of electromagnetic radiation;

b) a stage for supporting a sample; and

c) a multi-element detector for detecting a beam of electromagnetic radiation provided by said source electromagnetic radiation;

such that in use said source provides a beam of electromagnetic radiation which interact with a sample placed on said stage for supporting a sample, and then enters said multi-element detector.

Said said multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation comprises a selection from the group consisting of:

-   -   an electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting         material of spatially varying optical densities, which is         designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more than low         intensity wavelengths near the entry to said detector so that at         least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more         attenuated than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength, and         is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively         lower intensity wavelength; and     -   a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy blocking         aperture which is designed to attenuate high intensity         wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths near the entry         to said multi-element detector, so that at least one wavelength         of relatively higher intensity is subjected to greater         aperturing, and thus a smaller area through which to pass, than         is a relatively lower intensity wavelength and is therefore         reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity         wavelength.

Said system is distinguished in that the multi-element detector effects at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity so that it is more attenuated and/or apertured than is at least one relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength, the result being a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic radiation entering said multi-element detector and more uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength.

Said multi-element detector can have electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities near the entry thereto, positioned symmetrically at both top and bottom locations, as viewed in frontal elevation.

Said multi-element detector has electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities near the entry thereto, positioned symmetrically at both left and right locations, as viewed in frontal elevation.

The electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material can also provide spatial variation in optical densities in both vertical and lateral directions, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.

The present invention is also also described as a reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system comprising:

a) a source of a beam of electromagnetic radiation;

b) a stage for supporting a sample; and

c) a multi-element detector for detecting a beam of electromagnetic radiation provided by said source electromagnetic radiation. Said multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation comprises a surface having non-uniform optical and/or physical properties, through which surface electromagnetic radiation passes to reach the multiple elements of said detector; there being at least two different regions of said non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties, neither of which completely blocks electromagnetic radiation incident thereupon, said at least two different regions being continuous with one another rather than separated by isolation material; said at least two different regions being variously sensitive to wavelengths in electromagnetic radiation entered thereto, but substantially insensitive to other attributes thereof;

such that in use said source provides a beam of electromagnetic radiation which interact with a sample placed on said stage for supporting a sample, and then enters said multi-element detector.

Said at least two different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties interact, in use, with electromagnetic radiation which pass therethrough differently, as a function of wavelength.

The at least two different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties differ from one another based on optical density properties.

Said reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties differ from one another based on physical thickness properties.

The at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties can differ from one another based on both optical density and physical thickness properties.

The at least two different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties are can differ in a gradient of optical and/or physical properties.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can further comprises electromagnetic radiation blocking material at the surface thereof, positioned symmetrically at both upper and lower locations thereof, as viewed in frontal elevation, so that a beam of electromagnetic radiation which continues to reach said detector elements through said at least two different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties, and therefore information content is maintained, said blocking material serving to attenuate all wavelengths substantially equally.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as can further comprise electromagnetic radiation blocking material at the surface thereof, positioned symmetrically at both right and left locations thereof, as viewed in frontal elevation, so that the beam of electromagnetic radiation which continues to reach said detector elements through said at least two different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties, said blocking material serving to attenuate all wavelengths substantially equally.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary in a vertical direction, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary in a lateral direction, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary in both vertical and lateral directions, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the non-uniform optical and/or physical properties at the surface are achieved by deposition of energy absorbing or reflecting material thereupon.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the non-uniform optical and/or physical properties at the surface are achieved by placement of energy absorbing or reflecting material near thereto.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the surface non-uniform optical and/or physical properties serve to attenuate higher intensity wavelengths more than lower intensity wavelengths.

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation is a charge coupled device (CCD).

The reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system can provide that the at least two different regions are distinct regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties present with abrupt property changes at any border therebetween.

The surface of the multi-element detector can comprise at least three regions of non-uniform optical and/or physical properties.

A method of providing a more uniform intensity spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths to a multi-element detector, and a more uniform detector output as a function of wavelength, while maintaining information content entered into a multi-element detector at various wavelengths, comprises the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a system as just disclosed;     -   b) determining the pattern of beam intensity vs. wavelength;     -   c) placing an electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or         reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities,         which is designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more         than low intensity wavelengths as determined in step b), near         the entry to said detector so that at least one wavelength of         relatively higher intensity is more attenuated than is a         relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced         in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity         wavelength;         and     -   placing a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy         blocking aperture, which is designed to attenuate high intensity         wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths as determined in         step b), near the entry to said multi-element detector, so that         at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is         subjected to greater aperturing, and thus a smaller area through         which to pass, than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength         and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the         relatively lower intensity wavelength.         Said method is distinguished in that at least one wavelength of         relatively higher intensity as determined in step b) is more         attenuated and/or apertured than is at least one relatively         lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in         intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity         wavelength. The result being a more uniform intensity beam of         electromagnetic radiation entering said multi-element detector         and more uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength.

A modified system comprises a multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation positioned to receive a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation which is spatially dispersed and directed theretoward as a spectrum of wavelengths that enter different elements of said multi-element detector, said beam being characterized by different intensities at at least two different wavelengths, said multi-element detector having electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of different spatially varying optical densities near the entry thereto, so that at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more attenuated than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength by interaction therewith. The result is a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic radiation entering said multi-element detector elements, and more uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength. This embodiment does not include aperturing material.

A method of providing a more uniform intensity spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths, which beam is entered into a multi-element detector so said detector provides a more uniform wavelength dependent output signal, while optionally maintaining information content, which is entered into a multi-element detector at each wavelength, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a system as just described;     -   b) determining the pattern of beam intensity vs. wavelength;     -   c) placing an electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or         reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities,         which is designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more         than low intensity wavelengths as determined in step b), near         the input of said detector so that at least one wavelength of         relatively higher intensity is more attenuated than is a         relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced         in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity         wavelength.         The result is a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic         radiation entering said multi-element detector, and a more         uniform signal exiting said detector, as a function of         wavelength, based on application of electromagnetic radiation         energy absorbing or reflecting material.

Said method can provide that the spatially varying optical density is a function of material thickness.

Said method can provide that the placing of electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying different optical densities near the entry to said multi-element detector, is effected by deposition of said energy absorbing or reflecting material on said multi-element detector.

Said method can be made equivalent to the first embodiment method by providing that said multi-element detector further has electromagnetic radiation energy blocking material near the entry thereto, positioned symmetrically at both upper and lower locations, as viewed in frontal elevation, so that beam components continue to reach said detector elements in a manner so that information content is maintained.

A modified present invention multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation positioned to receive a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation which is spatially dispersed and directed theretoward as a spectrum of wavelengths that enter different elements of said multi-element detector, said beam being characterized by different intensities at at least two different wavelengths, said multi-element detector being characterized by a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy blocking aperture near the entry thereto, so that at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is provided a smaller effective aperture area through which to pass than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength. The result is a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic radiation entering said multi-element detector and a more uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength. Said multi-element detector being distinguished in that it has said wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy blocking aperture near the entry thereto positioned symmetrically at both upper and lower locations, as viewed in frontal elevation, so that beam components continue to reach said detector elements, and therefore information content is optionally maintained.

A method of providing a more uniform intensity spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation to a detector thereof, as well as more uniform detector output over a spectrum of wavelengths, while maintaining information content which is entered into a multi-element detector at each wavelength, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a system as just described;     -   b) determining the pattern of beam intensity vs. wavelength;     -   c) providing a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation         energy blocking aperture which is designed to attenuate high         intensity wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths as         determined in step b), near the entry to said multi-element         detector, so that at least one wavelength of relatively higher         intensity is subjected to greater aperturing, and thus a smaller         area through which to pass, than is a relatively lower intensity         wavelength and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is         the relatively lower intensity wavelength.         The result is a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic         radiation entering said multi-element detector and a more         uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength. Said         method is distinguished in that said multi-element detector         applies said wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation         energy blocking aperturing near the entry thereto positioned         symmetrically at both upper and lower locations, as viewed in         frontal elevation, so that beam components continue to reach         said detector elements, and therefore information content is         maintained.

Said method preferably provides that the wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy blocking aperturing near the entry to said multi-element detector comprises a material that reacts to different wavelengths essentially the same.

Said method can involve the aperture comprises material deposited directly onto the entry of said detector.

In any of said systems or methods, it is noted that

-   -   said multi-element detector can be further distinguished in that         it has said wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation         energy blocking aperture near the entry thereto positioned         symmetrically at both left and right locations, as viewed in         frontal elevation; and/or     -   said multi-element detector can be further distinguished in it         has electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting         material of spatially varying optical densities near the entry         thereto, positioned symmetrically at both left and right         locations, as viewed in frontal elevation.         The beam components are then caused to continue to reach said         detector elements.

It is noted that, in all systems and method, a suitable detector type is a Charge Coupled Device (CCD).

The present invention will be better understood by reference to the Detailed Description Section of this Specification, in conjunction with the Drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a shows a first approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in side elevation.

FIG. 1b shows a first approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in frontal elevation.

FIG. 2a shows a second approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in side elevation.

FIG. 2b shows another second approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in frontal elevation.

FIG. 3 demonstrates a wavelength spectrum made more uniform by application of the present invention.

FIG. 4 demonstrates that in a more uniform wavelength spectrum low intensity wavelengths can be increased in intensity without saturating a detector in what were higher intensity wavelengths.

FIG. 5 demonstrates a Reflectometer, Spectrophotometer, Ellipsometer or Polarimeter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Turning now to the Drawings, FIGS. 1a and 1b show a first approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in side and frontal elevation. Note that atop a CCD there is present varying depths of wavelength absorbing or reflecting Optically Dense (ODM) material which provide greater optical density in wavelength regions where wavelength intensity is greatest. (See FIG. 3)

FIGS. 2a and 2b show a second approach Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in side and frontal elevation. Note in FIG. 2a that the Material (WDM) is not of different depths over the area of the CCD, but rather provides an electromagnetic radiation energy aperture blocking effect on a wavelength determined basis, as demonstrated in FIG. 2b . This does not exclude differing depths of Wavelength Dependent Material (WDM) at various locations on the surface of a CCD, but only serves to indicate such is not necessary. It is noted in FIG. 2b that the (WDM) shape is designed to provide a smaller effective “Aperture” in regions of the FIG. 3 high intensity (IS) wavelengths than in the valley regions to the right and left of the peak. That causes less high intensity wavelength electromagnetic radiation to pass therethrough. The effective “Aperture” area in the lower intensity valley regions, to the right and left of said peak, is larger so that more electromagnetic radiation can pass therethrough. Note also that the (WDM), as viewed frontal elevation, (FIG. 2b ), is positioned symmetrically at both upper and lower locations, as viewed in frontal elevation, (eg. FIGS. 1b and 2b ) so that beam components continue to reach said detector elements, (see FIG. 5) and information content is maintained. This is an important consideration in the FIGS. 2a and 2b embodiment.

FIG. 3 demonstrates a wavelength spectrum made more uniform by application of the present invention. Note an Initial Spectrum (IS) and a Final Spectrum (FS) after the present invention, in either of it's manifestations, is applied. It is also to be appreciated that the Initial Spectrum (IS) could easily saturate the CCD detector in the central regions, and diminishment of the entire Initial Spectrum (IS) might be necessary as a result. That would also diminish the lower intensity wavelengths intensities, which would be undesirable. However, a Final Spectrum (F S) could be increased in intensity across the board as shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 demonstrates that in a more uniform wavelength spectrum (FS) low intensity valley region wavelengths can be increased in intensity without saturating a detector in what were higher intensity wavelengths. That is a beam of electromagnetic radiation originally having a FIG. 3 intensity profile shown as (IS), can be fashioned by application of the present invention to provide an intensity profile as shown in FIG. 4 as (FS′). Note that (FS′) allows providing much higher intensity wavelengths in valley regions of the Initial intensity profile (IS), and that the higher intensity regions would not saturate a detector (FS′) beam enters. Had the intensity demonstrated by “IS” in FIG. 3 been increased without application of the present invention, to increase the intensity of the lower intensity wavelengths, detector saturation would very likely occur in the mid-wavelength region. It is noted that the change from “FS” to FS' can be accomplished by electronic amplification, or by removal of neutral density filters that were already present.

It is noted that CCD's are used as a relevant example in this disclosure, but that any multi-element detector can be benefited by the present invention methodology and systems.

FIG. 5 is included to demonstrate a basic Reflectometer, Spectrophotometer, Ellipsometer or Polarimeter, showing a Source (S) of a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation, a Stage (STG) for supporting a Sample (SAM), a Dispersion Element (DISP) and a Multi-Element Detector (DET). Note the indication of the Angle-of-Incidence (AOI) referred to in this Specification. The Plane-of-Incidence referred to herein, can be appreciated to be like the (AOI), but projected into and out of the page. In particular, when symmetric aperturing is applied as in FIG. 2b , the effective (AOI), and thus information content for that (AOI) is maintained. When this symmetry is not maintained, the information content in the signal that reaches the Detector (DET) in not maintained. Also shown in dashed lines are a Polarizer (P), an Analyzer (A) and two Compensators (C1) (C2) which can be present. When not present the system comprises a Reflectometer or Spectrophotometer depending on whether a the system has a monochromatic or spectroscopic Source (S) of electromagnetic radiation. When the Polarizer (P), Analyzer (A) and/or one or both Compensators (C1) (C2) are present the system comprises an Ellipsometer. If only the Analyzer (A) is present the system comprises a Polarimeter.

Having hereby disclosed the subject matter of the present invention, it should be obvious that many modifications, substitutions, and variations of the present invention are possible in view of the teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described, and should be limited in its breadth and scope only by the Claims. 

We claim:
 1. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system comprising: a) a source of a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation; b) a stage for supporting a sample; c) a wavelength dispersion element; and d) a multi-element detector for detecting a beam of electromagnetic radiation provided by said source electromagnetic radiation; such that in use said source provides a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation which interacts with a sample placed on said stage for supporting a sample, then is dispersed by a dispersion element and enters said multi-element detector; said multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation comprising a selection from the group consisting of: an electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities, which is designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths on the entry to said detector so that at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more attenuated than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength, and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength; and a wavelength dependent electromagnetic radiation energy blocking aperture which is designed to attenuate high intensity wavelengths more than low intensity wavelengths on the entry to said multi-element detector, so that at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is subjected to greater aperturing, and thus a smaller area through which to pass, than is a relatively lower intensity wavelength and is therefore reduced in intensity more than is the relatively lower intensity wavelength; said system being distinguished in that at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity is more attenuated and/or apertured than are at least two relatively lower intensity wavelengths between which is said at least one wavelength of relatively higher intensity; the result being a more uniform intensity beam of electromagnetic radiation entering said multi-element detector and more uniform detector output, as a function of wavelength.
 2. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 1, wherein said multi-element detector has electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities on the entry thereto, positioned symmetrically at both top and bottom locations, as viewed in frontal elevation.
 3. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 1, wherein said multi-element detector has electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material of spatially varying optical densities on the entry thereto, positioned symmetrically at both left and right locations, as viewed in frontal elevation.
 4. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 1, in which the electromagnetic radiation energy absorbing or reflecting material provides spatial variation in optical densities in both vertical and lateral directions, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.
 5. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system comprising: a) a source of a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation; b) a stage for supporting a sample; c) a wavelength dispersion element; and d) a multi-element detector for detecting a beam of electromagnetic radiation provided by said source electromagnetic radiation; such that in use said source provides a spectroscopic beam of electromagnetic radiation which interacts with a sample placed on said stage for supporting a sample, then is dispersed by a dispersion element and then enters said multi-element detector; said multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation comprising a surface having non-uniform optical and/or physical properties, through which surface electromagnetic radiation passes to reach the multiple elements of said detector; there being at least three different regions of said non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties, none of which completely blocks electromagnetic radiation incident thereupon, said at least three different regions being variously sensitive to wavelengths in electromagnetic radiation entered thereto, but substantially insensitive to other attributes thereof; said at least three different regions of said non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties being characterized in that the more centrally located is of a higher optical density and/or thickness than are the adjacent regions.
 6. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein each of said at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties interact with electromagnetic radiation which pass therethrough differently, as a function of wavelength.
 7. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties differ from one another based on optical density properties.
 8. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties differ from one another based on physical thickness properties.
 9. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties differ from one another based on both optical density and physical thickness properties.
 10. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties are different locations in a gradient of optical and/or physical properties.
 11. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, which further comprises electromagnetic radiation blocking material at the surface thereof, positioned symmetrically at both upper and lower locations thereof, as viewed in frontal elevation so that said beam of electromagnetic radiation continues to reach said detector elements through said at least three different regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties, and therefore information content is maintained, said blocking material serving to attenuate all wavelengths substantially equally.
 12. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, which further comprises electromagnetic radiation blocking material at the surface thereof, positioned symmetrically at both right and left locations thereof, as viewed in frontal elevation.
 13. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary symetrically in a vertical direction, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.
 14. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary symetrically in a lateral direction, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.
 15. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the surface has non-uniform optical and/or physical properties that vary symetrically in both vertical and lateral directions, as the multi-element detector is viewed in frontal elevation.
 16. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the non-uniform optical and/or physical properties at the surface are achieved by deposition of energy absorbing or reflecting material thereupon.
 17. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the non-uniform optical and/or physical properties at the surface are achieved by placement of energy absorbing or reflecting material in contact therewith.
 18. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the surface non-uniform optical and/or physical properties serve to attenuate higher intensity wavelengths more than lower intensity wavelengths.
 19. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the multi-element detector of electromagnetic radiation is a charge coupled device (CCD).
 20. A reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer or polarimeter system as in claim 5, wherein the at least two different regions are distinct regions of non-uniform surface optical and/or physical properties present with abrupt property changes at any border therebetween. 